优化shema、sql语句+索引；第二加缓存，memcached, redis；主从复制，读写分离；垂直拆分，根据你模块的耦合度，将一个大的系统分为多个小的系统，也就是分布式系统；水平切分，针对数据量大的表，这一步最麻烦，最能考验技术水平，要选择一个合理的sharding key, 为了有好的查询效率，表结构也要改动，做一定的冗余，应用也要改，sql中尽量带sharding key，将数据定位到....

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